![]() ![]() ![]() Hallucinations are usually explained by some combination of three factors, none of which are mutually exclusive: loss of sensory or perceptual ability, abnormally increased neural activity, or cognitive alterations –. Animal studies show that MDA shares with MDMA potential to cause long-term serotonergic neurotoxicity. Early reports suggest MDA may have more consistent emotional effects than hallucinogens such as LSD and animal drug discrimination studies confirm that MDA has both typical hallucinogenic (LSD-like) effects as well as unusual effects similar to those of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), , which some consider to represent a novel class of pharmacological agent (“entactogen” ). Despite appearing in illicit drug preparations, MDA has not been studied in humans in over 30 years, –. Similarly, MDA was found in 0.6% of pills submitted to Forensic Science South Australia (FSSA) for testing by South Australia Police (SAPOL) over a 6-month period. For example, in a sample of 107 illicit Ecstasy tablets, Baggott and colleagues found that 6.5% contained MDA. Some of what is sold as “Ecstasy” contains MDA instead of MDMA. MDA has been used non-medically since the 1960s and was scheduled as a controlled substance in the US in 1970. MDA is a hallucinogen that acts as a serotonergic 5-HT2A receptor agonist and releases monoamines by interacting with monoamine plasmalemmal transporters –. In order to study drug-induced visual hallucinations, we administered 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA, tenamfetamine, “Love Drug”) to healthy drug-experienced volunteers. Few studies have attempted to address the mechanisms of these visual changes after hallucinogens. Pseudo-hallucinations can occur both with the eyes closed (closed-eye visions, CEVs) and open (open-eye visions, OEVs). Visual changes include altered form and depth perception, prolonged afterimages, motion-processing impairments, vivid pseudo-hallucinations, and, only very rarely, actual hallucinations in which insight into the non-veridical nature of the experience is impaired –. Serotonergic hallucinogens -such as LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin- produce a bewildering variety of visual phenomena –. None of those organizations had any role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Robertson is supported by NIH EY016975 and a Merit grant from the Veterans Administration. Baggott was supported by the Beckley Foundation. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This project was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) DA016776 and NIH/National Center for Research Resources UCSF-CTSI UL1 RR024131. Received: Accepted: OctoPublished: December 2, 2010Ĭopyright: © 2010 Baggott et al. PLoS ONE 5(12):Įditor: Antonio Verdejo García, University of Granada, Spain Citation: Baggott MJ, Siegrist JD, Galloway GP, Robertson LC, Coyle JR, Mendelson JE (2010) Investigating the Mechanisms of Hallucinogen-Induced Visions Using 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA): A Randomized Controlled Trial in Humans.
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![]() "The problem is that this number will be broadly discussed as a comparison to other cars, particularly the Prius. "So it isn't an 'untruth,' as long as the main thing you are concerned about is the burning of gasoline as a resource, as opposed to the actual energy efficiency of the system," Siry wrote of GM's 230 mpg claim. Trouble is, the resulting figure doesn't take into account various drive cycles or charging losses. To determine the MPG equivalent of an EV, Siry wrote, you can use the energy equivalent of a gallon of gas (33.7 kWh) to determine how far an electric vehicle would go on the same amount of energy. Darryl Siry, the former chief marketing officer at Tesla Motors and a a green tech consultant, wrote in his blog that when trying to determine "miles per gallon" for a an EV, "you end up in a very strange debate with very strange outcomes." Toyota is among the automakers developing plug-in hybrids, and the Japanese automaker says we'll see a plug-in Prius in 2012.īut at least one EV advocate says GM's claim is unrealistic. The standards are to be published later this year. The EPA draft that General Motors referred to repeatedly is SAE J1711 (.pdf), " Recommended Practice For Measuring The Exhaust Emissions And Fuel Economy Of Hybrid-Electric Vehicles." It will create uniform chassis dynamometer testing procedures for testing emissions and fuel economy. "But mpg is the only metric anyone understands." "It's difficult to translate electric car performance to miles per gallon," Bragman said. ![]() Henderson said the Volt will get 25 kilowatt-hours per 100 miles - but because that is essentially meaningless to anyone but an EV advocate, GM is touting the car's fuel efficiency instead. "It's still kind of fuzzy," Aaron Bragman, an analyst with IHS Global Insight who attended the briefing, told us when we asked how GM arrived at the 230 mpg figure. The EPA is working with the Society of Automotive Engineers to develop a methodology for calculating fuel economy ratings for EVs and plug-in hybrids. They have not been verified or certified by the EPA, which would not confirm GM's figure. Still, General Motor's claims are just that - claims. Henderson did not say what the Volt might achieve in highway driving, but he told reporters and analysts gathered for a briefing at GM's sprawling Technical Center in Warren, Michigan, he is confident the car will top 100 mpg. On September 7, 2006, version 5.5 was released. The most notable addition was an unusual implementation of tabbed browsing, in which the tabs are displayed vertically in a drawer on the side of the window (including optional thumbnail pictures of the pages.) 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From version 4.0 onwards, OmniWeb was developed solely for the OS X platform. After Lighthouse Design was bought by Sun Microsystems, the Omni Group released the product themselves, from version 2.5 onwards. These early versions of OmniWeb also run on Microsoft Windows through the Yellow Box or the OpenStep frameworks. As NeXTSTEP evolved into OPENSTEP and then Mac OS X, OmniWeb was updated to run on these platforms. OmniWeb was originally developed by Omni Group for the NeXTSTEP platform, and was released by Lighthouse Design on Ma after only one month's development time. Though a stable version is no longer maintained, it is still available as a free download and unstable versions are still being released. ![]() ![]() OmniWeb is a discontinued web browser that was developed and marketed by The Omni Group exclusively for Apple's macOS operating system. 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